| CHAPTER 1 | SUPERPOSITION OF HARMONIC OSCILLATIONS | |
| 1.1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1.2 | Superposition Principle | 2 |
| 1.2.1 | Linearity and superposition principle’s applications | 2 |
| 1.3 | Superposition of simple Harmonic Oscillations | 3 |
| 1.4 | Superposition of two collinear harmonics oscillations of equal frequencies | 4 |
| 1.5 | Superposition of two collinear harmonics oscillations of different frequencies | 7 |
| 1.6 | Superposition of many harmonic oscillations of same frequency (method of vector addition) | 9 |
| 1.7 | Superposition of two Mutually Perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations of same Frequency | 11 |
| 1.8 | Lissajous figures with equal and unequal frequency | 16 |
| 1.8.1 | Composition of two rectangular vibrations of different amplitudes but same frequency | 17 |
| 1.8.2 | Composition of two rectangular vibrations of different amplitudes and of frequencies in the ratio 2:1 | 20 |
| 1.9 | Uses of Lissajous Figures | 22 |
| 1.10 | Beats | 24 |
| Multiple choice Questions | 28 |
| Numericals | 31 |
| Conceptual Q/A | 38 |
| CHAPTER 2 | WAVES MOTION & VELOCITY | 40 |
| 2.1 | Introduction | 40 |
| 2.2 | Classification of waves | 41 |
| 2.3 | Mechanical waves | 42 |
| 2.4 | Transverse Waves | 42 |
| 2.4.1 | Transverse waves on a string | 45 |
| 2.4.2 | Reflections of Transverse Waves | 46 |
| 2.5 | Standing waves or Stationary waves | 46 |
| 2.5.1 | Standing waves – Fixed and Free Ends | 48 |
| 2.5.2 | Standing waves in strings and normal modes of vibrations | 52 |
| 2.6 | Longitudinal Waves | 57 |
| 2.7 | Velocity of longitudinal waves in an elastic medium | 59 |
| 2.8 | Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Mode | 59 |
| 2.9 | Electromagnetic Waves & Surface Waves | 61 |
| 2.10 | Plane Progressive wave | 62 |
| 2.10.1 | Equation of a plane progressive waves | 62 |
| 2.10.2 | Properties of plane progressive wave | 64 |
| 2.10.3 | Characteristics of progressive waves | 65 |
| 2.11 | Plane waves | 66 |
| 2.12 | Spherical waves | 67 |
| 2.13 | Wave equation | 67 |
| 2.14 | Wave intensity | 68 |
| 2.15 | Phase and group velocity | 71 |
| 2.16 | Particle and wave velocities | 74 |
| 2.17 | Velocity of a transverse wave along a stretched string | 75 |
| 2.18 | Energy Transport | 76 |
| 2.19 | Newton’s formula for the velocity of sound waves in air | 78 |
| 2.20 | Laplace Correction | 78 |
| 2.21 | Meld’s Experiment | 79 |
| 2.22 | The Principle of Superposition of waves | 84 |
| 2.23 | Standing waves in closed organ pipes: Analytical Treatment | 85 |
| 2.24 | Standing waves in open organ pipes: Analytical Treatment | 88 |
| 2.25 | Water waves: ripple and gravity waves | 91 |
| Multiple choice questions | 99 |
| Numericals | 104 |
| Conceptual Q/A | 113 |
| CHAPTER 3 | WAVE OPTICS | 117 |
| 3.1 | Introduction of Light | 117 |
| 3.2 | Electromagnetic nature of light | 118 |
| 3.3 | Wave front | 120 |
| 3.4 | Huygens’s principle | 121 |
| 3.4.1 | Huygen’s Construction of a spherical waves front and plane wave front | 122 |
| 3.5 | Coherence | 123 |
| 3.5.1 | Spatial Coherence | 124 |
| 3.5.2 | Temporal Coherence | 124 |
| Multiple choice questions | 125 |
| Numericals | 127 |
| Conceptual Q/A | 130 |
| CHAPTER 4 | SHM & SOUND | 133 |
| 4.1 | Simple Harmonic Motion | 133 |
| 4.1.1 | SHM graphs | 134 |
| 4.2 | Time Period of a mass – spring system | 135 |
| 4.2.1 | Time period of a Pendulum | 135 |
| 4.3 | Forced vibration | 135 |
| 4.4 | SHM and Energy | 138 |
| 4.4.1 | Characteristics of Musical sound | 139 |
| 4.5 | Threshold of Hearing | 140 |
| 4.5.1 | Intensity of Sound | 140 |
| 4.6 | Intensity Level | 142 |
| 4.6.1 | The Decibel scale | 142 |
| 4.7 | Basic Requirement for the Acoustically Good Halls | 143 |
| 4.8 | Reverberation and time of Reverberation | 144 |
| 4.9 | Sabine’s Formula for Reverberation time | 144 |
| 4.9.1 | Decay of energy density | 148 |
| 4.9.2 | Jaeger’s method for derivation of Sabine’s formula | 149 |
| 4.10 | Absorption Coefficient and its Measurement | 151 |
| 4.10.1 | Measurement of a absorption coefficient | 152 |
| 4.11 | Transmission of sound and Transmission loss | 153 |
| 4.11.1 | Transmission of sound | 153 |
| 4.11.2 | Transmission loss | 153 |
| 4.12 | Factors Affecting the Architectural Acoustics and their Remedy | 153 |
| 4.13 | Sound Absorbing Materials | 157 |
| Multiple Choice Questions | 159 |
| Numericals | 162 |
| Conceptual Q/A | 166 |
| CHAPTER 5 | INTERFERENCE | 170 |
| 5.1 | Introduction to Interference | 170 |
| 5.2 | Young’s Double-slit Experiment | 170 |
| 5.2 | Lloyd’s Single Mirror | 174 |
| 5.3 | Fresnel’s Biprism | 176 |
| 5.3.1 | Determination of wavelength of light | 177 |
| 5.3.2 | White light fringes | 179 |
| 5.3.3 | Location of zero order fringes | 179 |
| 5.4 | Phase change on Reflection | 180 |
| 5.5 | Interference in Thin Films | 181 |
| 5.5.1 | Interference due to reflected light | 181 |
| 5.5.2 | Interference due to transmitted light | 184 |
| 5.5.3 | Colours of thin films | 185 |
| 5.6 | Wedge-Shaped Films | 186 |
| 5.6.1 | Nature of interference pattern | 187 |
| 5.6.2 | Spacing between two consecutive bright bands | 188 |
| 5.7 | Newton’s Rings | 189 |
| 5.7.1 | Experiment arrangement | 189 |
| 5.7.2 | Formation of Newton’s rings | 190 |
| 5.7.3 | Newton’s rings by reflected light | 191 |
| 5.7.4 | Newton’s rings by transmitted light | 193 |
| 5.9 | Determination of Wave Length of Sodium Light using Newton’s Rings | 194 |
| 5.10 | Michelson’s Interferometer | 196 |
| 5.11 | Formation of Circular Fringes | 198 |
| 5.12 | Localized Fringes | 201 |
| 5.13 | White Light Fringes | 202 |
| 5.14 | Application of Michelson’s Interferometer | 202 |
| 5.15 | Newton’s Rings Formed By Two Curved Surfaces | 206 |
| 5.29 | Fabry- Perot Interferometer | 208 |
| | Multiple Choice Questions | 212 |
| | Numericals | 216 |
| | Conceptual Q/A | 241 |
| CHAPTER 6 | DIFFRACTION | |
| 6.1 | Introduction | 246 |
| 6.2 | Diffraction Pattern Due to a Single slit – intensity distribution | 246 |
| 6.2 | Fraunhoffer Diffraction at a Circular Aperture | 248 |
| 6.3 | Fraunhoffer Diffraction at a Double Slit | 250 |
| 6.4 | Difference between Single Slit & Double Slit Diffraction Pattern | 253 |
| 6.5 | Fresnel integral | 254 |
| 6.6 | Kirchhoff integral theorem | 255 |
| 6.7 | Resolving Power of Telescope | 256 |
| 6.8 | Resolving Power of a Diffraction Grating | 257 |
| | Multiple Choice Questions | 259 |
| | Numericals | 263 |
| | Conceptual Q/A | 279 |
| CHAPTER 7 | POLARIZATION | |
| 7.1 | Introduction | 282 |
| 7.2 | Polarization of light Waves | 282 |
| 7.3 | Representation of Various Type of Light | 285 |
| 7.4 | Plane of Polarisation | 286 |
| 7.5 | Production of Plane Polarised Light | 286 |
| 7.6 | Reflection Method | 286 |
| 7.7 | Classification of Polarization | 288 |
| | Multiple Choice Questions | 290 |
| | Numericals | 293 |
| | Conceptual Q/A | 299 |
| CHAPTER 8 | HOLOGRAPHY | |
| 8.1 | Introduction | 301 |
| 8.1.1 | Basic principle of Holography | 302 |
| 8.2 | Conditions for Recording Holograms | 305 |
| 8.3 | Variants of Holographic Techniques | 305 |
| 8.4 | Recording of Hologram | 306 |
| 8.5 | Reconstruction of image from hologram | 307 |
| 8.6 | Applications of Holography | 309 |
| | Multiple Choice Questions | 311 |
| | Conceptual Q/A | 314 |
| | |
| Practice Exercise | 316 |
| Solutions to Practice Exercise | 326 |
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